# C Compiler

> Compile and run C from JavaScript with low overhead

`bun:ffi` has experimental support for compiling and running C from JavaScript with low overhead.

---

## Usage (cc in `bun:ffi`)

See the [introduction blog post](https://bun.com/blog/compile-and-run-c-in-js) for background.

JavaScript:

```ts hello.ts icon="file-code"
import { cc } from "bun:ffi";
import source from "./hello.c" with { type: "file" };

const {
  symbols: { hello },
} = cc({
  source,
  symbols: {
    hello: {
      args: [],
      returns: "int",
    },
  },
});

console.log("What is the answer to the universe?", hello());
```

C source:

```c hello.c
int hello() {
  return 42;
}
```

Running `hello.ts` prints:

```sh terminal icon="terminal"
bun hello.ts
What is the answer to the universe? 42
```

`cc` uses [TinyCC](https://bellard.org/tcc/) to compile the C code, then links it with the JavaScript runtime, converting types in-place.

### Primitive types

`cc` supports the same `FFIType` values as [`dlopen`](/runtime/ffi), except `buffer_length`. Only `cc` supports `napi_env` and `napi_value`.

| `FFIType`  | C Type         | Aliases                     |
| ---------- | -------------- | --------------------------- |
| buffer     | `char*`        |                             |
| cstring    | `char*`        |                             |
| function   | `(void*)(*)()` | `fn`, `callback`            |
| ptr        | `void*`        | `pointer`, `void*`, `char*` |
| i8         | `int8_t`       | `int8_t`                    |
| i16        | `int16_t`      | `int16_t`                   |
| i32        | `int32_t`      | `int32_t`, `int`            |
| i64        | `int64_t`      | `int64_t`, `isize`          |
| i64_fast   | `int64_t`      |                             |
| u8         | `uint8_t`      | `uint8_t`                   |
| u16        | `uint16_t`     | `uint16_t`                  |
| u32        | `uint32_t`     | `uint32_t`                  |
| u64        | `uint64_t`     | `uint64_t`, `usize`         |
| u64_fast   | `uint64_t`     |                             |
| f32        | `float`        | `float`                     |
| f64        | `double`       | `double`                    |
| bool       | `bool`         |                             |
| char       | `char`         |                             |
| napi_env   | `napi_env`     |                             |
| napi_value | `napi_value`   |                             |

### Strings, objects, and non-primitive types

For strings, objects, and other non-primitive types that don't map 1:1 to C types, `cc` supports N-API.

Use `napi_value` to pass or receive JavaScript values from a C function without any type conversions.

You can also pass a `napi_env` to receive the N-API environment used to call the JavaScript function.

#### Returning a C string to JavaScript

For example, to return a string from C to JavaScript:

```ts hello.ts
import { cc } from "bun:ffi";
import source from "./hello.c" with { type: "file" };

const {
  symbols: { hello },
} = cc({
  source,
  symbols: {
    hello: {
      args: ["napi_env"],
      returns: "napi_value",
    },
  },
});

const result = hello();
```

And in C:

```c hello.c
#include <node/node_api.h>

napi_value hello(napi_env env) {
  napi_value result;
  napi_create_string_utf8(env, "Hello, Napi!", NAPI_AUTO_LENGTH, &result);
  return result;
}
```

The same approach returns other types like objects and arrays:

```c hello.c
#include <node/node_api.h>

napi_value hello(napi_env env) {
  napi_value result;
  napi_create_object(env, &result);
  return result;
}
```

### `cc` Reference

#### `library: string | string[]`

Use `library` to specify the libraries to link with the C code.

```ts
type Library = string | string[];

cc({
  source: "hello.c",
  library: ["sqlite3"],
});
```

#### `symbols`

Use the `symbols` object to specify the functions and variables to expose to JavaScript.

```ts
type Symbols = {
  [key: string]: {
    args: FFIType[];
    returns: FFIType;
  };
};
```

#### `source`

`source` is the path to the C code to compile and link with the JavaScript runtime.

```ts
type Source = string | URL | BunFile;

cc({
  source: "hello.c",
  symbols: {
    hello: {
      args: [],
      returns: "int",
    },
  },
});
```

#### `flags: string | string[]`

`flags` is an optional string or array of strings passed to the TinyCC compiler.

```ts
type Flags = string | string[];
```

These are flags like `-I` for include directories and `-D` for preprocessor definitions.

#### `define: Record<string, string>`

`define` is an optional object of preprocessor definitions passed to the TinyCC compiler.

```ts
type Defines = Record<string, string>;

cc({
  source: "hello.c",
  define: {
    NDEBUG: "1",
  },
});
```