Test Pattern	Description
Arrange-Act-Assert (AAA)	Structure test code into setup, action, and check phases
Test Stub / Mock / Fake	Replace parts of the system with simplified versions for isolation
Parameterized Test	Run the same test logic with different inputs
Test Harness	Custom test framework to inject inputs and capture outputs in embedded systems
Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL)	Test software with real or simulated hardware in real-time
Golden Master	Capture correct output and compare future runs for regression
Boundary Value Analysis	Test edge cases around input boundaries
Exhaustive Enumeration	Test all possible states or inputs (when feasible)
State-Based Testing	Model system behavior as a finite state machine and test transitions
Error Injection	Deliberately simulate faults (e.g., corrupted sensor data, timeouts)
Watchdog Triggering	Simulate conditions to verify watchdog functionality
Loopback Test	Send a signal/data through a system and verify it returns correctly
Back-to-Back Testing	Run two implementations (e.g., model vs embedded) with the same inputs
Soak/Stress Testing	Run for long durations to reveal memory leaks, heat buildup, or hangs
Assertion Pattern	Embed assert() or custom checks to catch invalid states at runtime
Simulated Environment	Use tools to simulate peripherals or real-world conditions